Neuroglia in anxiety disorders.

Anxiety disorders are some of the most prevalent in the world and are extraordinarily debilitating to many individuals, costing millions in disability. One of the most disabling is posttraumatic stress disorder (Snijders et al., 2020). Understanding the pathophysiology of these illnesses further and the cell types involved will allow better targeting of treatments. Glial cells, encompassing microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, play critical roles in the pathophysiology of PTSD and other anxiety illnesses. Each of these cell types interacts with aspects of neuro-epigenetics, neuroimmune, and neuronal signaling and may contribute to the pathophysiology of anxiety illnesses. This chapter covers the literature on the role of glial cells in the neurobiology and pathology of anxiety disorders, more specifically PTSD. PTSD is one of the most debilitating anxiety disorders and one of the most complicated from a neurobiologic perspective. This chapter also features a discussion surrounding the current state of treatment and some of the hypothesized mechanisms for novel treatments including tetrahydrocannabidiol and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Finally, thoughts on the future directions for precision treatment and pharmacologic development with a focus on neuroglia are undertaken.