Biomaterials in urology.

Biomaterials such as urethral catheters, urethral stents, and ureteral stents are commonly used in patients with urologic disorders. There are currently many different bulk materials and coatings available for the manufacture of urinary tract biomaterials; however, the ideal material has yet to be discovered. Any potential biomaterial must undergo rigorous physical and biocompatibility testing before commercialization and use in humans. Despite significant advances in basic science research involving biocompatibility issues and biofilm formation, infection and encrustation remain associated with the use of biomaterials in the urinary tract, and therefore, limit their long-term use. This review critically evaluates the literature published over the past 12 months, providing an update on the current status of naturally derived and synthetic polymeric biomaterial use in the urinary tract. We focus on urethral catheters, urethral stents, and ureteral stents. We discuss issues of biocompatibility and new approaches to biocompatibility testing, biomaterials currently available for use, new biomaterials and coatings, and novel ureteral stent designs. Finally, we discuss the future of biomaterial use in the urinary tract.