Pharmacologic therapy of portal hypertension and variceal hemorrhage.

Patients with large esophageal varices who are deemed compliant and have no contraindications to beta-blocker therapy should be started on nonselective beta-adrenergic blockers (Fig. 5). The dose should be titrated to a 25% decrease in resting heart rate, a resting heart rate of 55 to 60 beats per minute, or development of symptoms, in which case the dose should be decreased until the patient's symptoms abate. If available, measurements of the HVPG at baseline and 3 months can be very helpful in ascertaining the response to treatment and in making the appropriate adjustments (e.g., adding a second drug). Sclerotherapy or endoscopic variceal ligation are the preferred therapies for treatment of acute esophageal variceal bleeding. Concomitant use of vasoactive drugs can supplement endoscopic treatment. They offer the advantage of early administration as soon as the diagnosis is suspected while awaiting endoscopy. Unlike endoscopic treatment, they decrease portal pressure and are the only established treatment for nonvariceal sources of bleeding related to portal hypertension. Once the index bleed is controlled, the patient should be started on treatment to reduce the high risk of recurrent variceal hemorrhage (Fig. 6). For patients with well-compensated cirrhosis, pharmacologic therapy may be desirable. For less compliant patients or patients with decompensated cirrhosis, an endoscopic technique, such as variceal ligation, may be preferable. Combinations of pharmacologic agents or pharmacologic agents and endoscopic procedures may offer hope for better control, but their efficacy needs to be demonstrated in RCTs. For patients who rebleed despite maximal pharmacologic or endoscopic therapy, a TIPS procedure, surgically created shunt, or liver transplantation should be considered, with the decision based on the patient's condition and the local availability of these options.