Quality-of-Life Outcomes Following Thyroid Surgery in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review of Physical, Emotional, and Social Dimensions.

Background

Thyroid disorders are significant endocrine conditions in pediatric populations, sometimes requiring surgical intervention. While surgical outcomes are well-documented, the broader impact on quality of life (QoL) remains insufficiently synthesized. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of thyroid surgery on QoL in pediatric patients, focusing on physical, emotional, and social dimensions.

Methods

Following the PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, and SCOPUS from inception to January 2025. Studies reporting health-related QoL outcomes in pediatric patients undergoing thyroid surgery were included. Quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Data synthesis focused on emotional and psychological outcomes, social functioning, physical health, and surgical-approach-specific effects.

Results

Five studies (ranging from 37 to 92 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Unilateral thyroidectomy was associated with better QoL outcomes compared to bilateral procedures, particularly in emotional and physical domains. Post-surgical anxiety significantly improved. However, male survivors reported higher levels of depression and reduced motivation. Employment status emerged as a significant factor influencing physical functioning scores. Thyroid cancer patients demonstrated better social functioning than peers with other cancers, yet they lagged behind healthy controls. Long-term follow-up highlighted ongoing challenges in physical functioning and fatigue.

Conclusions

Thyroid surgery impacts multiple dimensions of QoL in pediatric patients, with variations depending on surgical approach and patient characteristics. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive post-operative care, including routine QoL assessments and tailored psychological support. Future research should aim to standardize assessment timing and develop targeted interventions for high-risk groups.