Parathyroid re-exploration in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

In a prospective study fifteen consecutive patients underwent re-exploration for persistent or recurrent primary hyperparathyroidism. We aimed at definite preoperative localization of enlarged, abnormal parathyroid glands in all patients. Ultrasound guided fine needle aspirations for parathyroid hormone assay had the highest accuracy rate of 100%, those for cervical ultrasound and thallium-technetium, scintigraphy were similar, both 86%. Normocalcaemia was achieved in all patients, but five (33%) patients required more than one re-exploration. Permanent unilateral vocal cord injury occurred in two (13%) patients, but none had permanent hypocalcaemia. We conclude that the results of re-exploration are good but one third of the patients required more than one reoperation. Localization studies aiming at definite localization are mandatory before re-exploration. On the basis of our results we suggest a protocol for preoperative localization which takes into consideration both the accuracy rates and the costs of localization examinations.