Molecular, Microscopic, and Immunochromatographic Detection of Enteroparasitic Infections in Hemodialysis Patients and Related Risk Factors.

Intestinal parasitic infection (IPI) is one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Patients with CRF are more prone to infections due to acquired immunodeficiency caused by uremia. This study aims at determining the prevalence of parasitic intestinal infections in hemodialysis (HD) patients in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, and at comparing the techniques used for the detection of intestinal parasites. One hundred stool samples were collected from Saudi HD patients from two dialysis centers of two hospitals in Makkah City, and 50 samples were collected randomly from healthy individuals that served as control. The laboratory tests were carried out at King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. One stool sample was collected from each participant and examined with different techniques. The diagnosis was carried out using the direct wet smear with normal saline and native-Lugol's, Ritchie technique, rapid diagnostic test (ImmunoCard STAT! CGE), and molecular techniques (real-time polymerase chain reaction). The relation between age, gender, weight, and height to calculate body mass index, level of education, time of the HD, lifestyle, residence status, several gastrointestinal symptoms, blood pressure, diabetes, irritable bowel disease, and other factors was studied. Intestinal parasites were found in 38% of the HD patients and 36% of the control group. The most encountered intestinal parasites in the HD patients and control group were Blastocystis hominis (31%) and (34%), Entamoeba histolytica (3%) and (2%) respectively, Endolimax nana (4%) in the HD group, Giardia lamblia (4%) in the control group, and no positive results for Cryptosporidium or helminths in both groups. The IPIs should be suspected in all cases of immunodeficient patients, and stool samples should be ordered as routine with other tests in interval times and examined using special techniques. The physicians should be aware of the similarity between HD and intestinal parasitosis symptoms to perform diagnostic tests and determine the suitable treatment.