Effective air sampling during and post construction work in the acute healthcare setting: a scoping review.

Nosocomial aspergillosis and other invasive fungal infections pose a serious risk to immunocompromised patients, particularly during hospital construction and renovation. These dust-generating activities release airborne fungal spores, increasing the risk of fungal infection in these patients. Guidance on effective air sampling as part of a risk management strategy during these activities in acute hospital settings remains limited. The aim of this review was to explore and synthesise the various air sampling methods used in acute healthcare settings during and following construction work. Three electronic databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, and Embase) were searched from 1st January 2005 to 18th March 2025. Studies were screened based on eligibility criteria, with data extracted independently by three researchers. Of 368 studies identified, 28 met the inclusion criteria (6 reviews and 22 primary research studies). Air sampling approaches varied in sampler type, volume, timing, and use of protective measures. Most studies (85%, N = 24) focussed on Aspergillus species. Personal protective equipment use was reported in only two studies, and two studies reported a deliberate time delay before sampling. Two overarching themes emerged: (1) variation and limitations in air sampling practice and (2) systemic and contextual barriers to implementation. Few studies reported clear contamination thresholds or linked sampling results to patient outcomes. Current evidence lacks standardised, high-quality protocols for air sampling during and after hospital construction. Practical, evidence-based guidance is urgently needed to support infection prevention teams in effectively monitoring and mitigating fungal contamination risks.