The Ross operation in a Jehovah's Witness: a paradigm for heart surgery in children without transfusion.

A 3-year-old 18 kg male child of the Jehovah's Witness faith presented with severe aortic regurgitation. A successful Ross procedure was performed using a pulmonary autograft, without the use of blood or blood product transfusion. Blood conservation strategy included: (1) preoperative treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin; (2) intraoperative strategies, including technical modifications to the Ross procedure, and the prophylactic use of fibrin glue; (3) utilization of a heparin-bonded cardiopulmonary bypass circuit and assisted venous drainage; and 4) the use of prebypass phlebotomy, cell-saving device and autotransfusion. The patient was discharged home on postoperative day 7 with a hemoglobin level of 11.9.