Advances in ribosome profiling technologies.

Ribosome profiling (or Ribo-seq) has emerged as a powerful approach for revealing the regulatory mechanisms of protein synthesis, on the basis of deep sequencing of ribosome footprints. Recent innovations in Ribo-seq technologies have significantly enhanced their sensitivity, specificity, and resolution. In this review, we outline emerging Ribo-seq derivatives that overcome barriers in low inputs, rRNA contamination, data calibration, and single-cell applications. These advances enable detailed insights into translational control across diverse biological contexts.