Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
Iontophoresis Drug Delivery to the Macula of Lutein for Age Related Macular Degeneration.
СтатьяОбзорНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
Обработка статьи · этапы, ошибки и управление
Загрузка состояния…
Ошибки и ограничения
История · было → стало
Состояние обновляется каждые 5 секунд, пока блок открыт. Процент показывается только там, где известен объём работы. Пауза останавливает продолжение этапа; текущий запрос к источнику может завершиться.
Salvetat Maria Letizia, Pellegrini Francesco, Zeppieri Marco, Capobianco Matteo, Avitabile Alessandro, Cannizaro Ludovica, Gagliano Giuseppe, Cappellani Francesco, Gagliano Caterina
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) represents a leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide, driven by intricate interactions among oxidative stress, low-degree chronic inflammation, and macular pigment depletion in aging retinas. Lutein, a component of the macular pigment, has attracted significant attention in AMD management for its antioxidant and blue-light filtering properties. Its oral supplementation, however, although showing potential in slowing AMD progression, requires daily intake and results in variable macular absorption. Trans-scleral iontophoresis (TSI) is a non-invasive technique using low-intensity electric currents to deliver charged molecules into biological tissues and represents an innovative method to deliver lutein into the retina.
METHODS: The present narrative review synthesizes and discusses the results of lutein supplementation in AMD patients; the ocular iontophoresis basal principles, efficacy, safety and limitations in treating different ophthalmic pathologies; and the evolving clinical evidence supporting lutein TSI in the AMD management.
RESULTS: Ex-vivo studies have shown that lutein TSI may provide efficient, localized, rapid, and sustained retinal supplementation of macular pigment, overcoming oral intake limitations. Recent preliminary clinical studies have demonstrated that this technique is well-tolerated and effective in enhancing macular pigment optical density and improving some visual functions in AMD patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Ex-vivo and pilot clinical studies highlight the capacity of TSI to deliver lutein inside the retina, overcoming physiological barriers that may limit the efficacy of lutein oral administration. The demonstration of the efficacy of the procedure in preserving/improving visual functions and delaying disease progression in AMD patients requires further long-term randomized controlled clinical studies.
METHODS: The present narrative review synthesizes and discusses the results of lutein supplementation in AMD patients; the ocular iontophoresis basal principles, efficacy, safety and limitations in treating different ophthalmic pathologies; and the evolving clinical evidence supporting lutein TSI in the AMD management.
RESULTS: Ex-vivo studies have shown that lutein TSI may provide efficient, localized, rapid, and sustained retinal supplementation of macular pigment, overcoming oral intake limitations. Recent preliminary clinical studies have demonstrated that this technique is well-tolerated and effective in enhancing macular pigment optical density and improving some visual functions in AMD patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Ex-vivo and pilot clinical studies highlight the capacity of TSI to deliver lutein inside the retina, overcoming physiological barriers that may limit the efficacy of lutein oral administration. The demonstration of the efficacy of the procedure in preserving/improving visual functions and delaying disease progression in AMD patients requires further long-term randomized controlled clinical studies.