Deferoxamine Enhanced Mitochondrial Iron Accumulation and Promoted Cell Migration in Triple-Negative MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells Via a ROS-Dependent Mechanism.

In our previous study, Deferoxamine (DFO) increased the iron concentration by upregulating the expression levels of TfR1 and DMT1 and exacerbated the migration of triple-negative breast cancer cells. However, the mechanisms of iron distribution and utilization in triple-negative breast cancer cells with a DFO-induced iron deficiency are still unclear. In this study, triple-negative MDA-MB-231 and estrogen receptor (ER)-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells were used to investigate the mechanisms of iron distribution and utilization with a DFO-induced iron deficiency. We found that the mitochondrial iron concentration was elevated in MDA-MB-231 cells, while it was decreased in MCF-7 cells after DFO treatment. The cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels increased in both breast cancer cell types under DFO-induced iron-deficient conditions. However, the increased ROS levels had different effects on the different breast cancer cell types: Cell viability was inhibited and apoptosis was enhanced in MCF-7 cells, but cell viability was maintained and cell migration was promoted in MDA-MB-231 cells through the ROS/NF-κB and ROS/TGF-β signaling pathways. Collectively, this study suggests that under DFO-induced iron-deficient conditions, the increased mitochondrial iron levels in triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells would generate large amounts of ROS to activate the NF-κB and TGF-β signaling pathways to promote cell migration.