Advancements and applications of laser technology in modern dentistry.

The use of lasers in dentistry has revolutionized dental procedures, providing signif i cant advantages over traditional techniques. Lasers offer enhanced precision, reduced bleeding, faster healing times, and improved patient comfort. This review explores CO2 lasers, diode lasers, Er, and Er, Cr lasers, and Photobiomodulation and Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT). CO2 Lasers: Introduced in the 1970s, CO2 lasers are ef f ective for soft tissue surgeries such as gingivectomy and frenectomy due to their high water absorption, which allows for precise cutting with minimal damage. They also enhance enamel and dentin resistance, treat gingival hyperpigmentation, and manage peri-implantitis. Diode Lasers: These are suitable for soft tissue procedures, emitting wavelengths of 800-980 nm. Diode lasers are widely used for periodontal therapy and peri-implantitis management due to their antimicrobial properties, offering benef i ts like reduced bleeding and faster healing. Er and Er, Cr Lasers: Emitting at 2940 nm and 2780 nm respectively, these lasers are absorbed by water and hydroxyapatite, making them ideal for caries removal and bone contouring. They provide precise ablation with minimal thermal damage. Photobiomodulation and LLLT: These therapies use low-level lasers or LEDs to stimulate cellular function, promote healing, and reduce pain without thermal damage, making them effective for managing pain and inflammation. Overall, lasers offer significant benefits in precision, patient comfort, and healing, making them a valuable tool in modern dentistry.