Bariatric outcomes of high BMI patients with preoperative anti-obesity medications.

INTRODUCTION

Treating severe obesity (BMI > 50 kg/m2) poses unique challenges. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have shown significant efficacy in treating obesity and can be integrated into a multimodal comprehensive treatment of obesity. This study evaluates the perioperative outcomes and efficacy of anti-obesity medications (AOMs) for prehabilitation and preoperative weight loss in a high BMI cohort.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study analyzed patients who underwent bariatric surgery from April 2018 to February 2023 in the University of Oklahoma-Tulsa Comprehensive Weight Loss and Bariatric Surgery program. Patients with an initial program BMI ≥ 49.5 kg/m2 were included. The primary outcome of interest was preoperative weight loss; the secondary outcome was total weight loss at 1 year postoperatively. Data on AOM type and duration were collected. Weight and BMI were measured at multiple standard intervals throughout the program. Available results of genetic obesity testing were included. Preoperative weight loss was compared between groups using the Kruskal-Wallis Test.

RESULTS

206 patients underwent bariatric surgery during the study period; 79 had a BMI ≥ 49.5 kg/m2 (age: 44 ± 11.2 years, 75.9% female). 34 (43%) had obesity-related genes. The average weight and BMI of the sample at the start of the program were 165.9 kg and 58.5 kg/m2. The median preoperative weight loss for lifestyle only, oral AOM, GLP-1 or GLP-1/GIP agonist, and combo medical therapy was 3.1, 8.5, 10.3, and 10.4 kg, (P = 0.01). The mean total weight loss and excess weight loss percentage were 61.97 ± 20.9 kg and 65.6 ± 20.8%.

CONCLUSION

GLP-1 therapies induced the highest weight loss preoperatively and a greater decrease in BMI than any other strategies. Preoperative GLP-1 therapy in high-risk patients is effective in maximizing preoperative weight loss and should be considered in high BMI patients before surgery. Additional studies are needed to determine optimal duration, durability, and cost-effectiveness of AOMs before and after metabolic surgery.