Management of Takayasu arteritis.

This review overviews the challenges in the assessment of disease activity, damage, and therapy of Takayasu arteritis (TAK). Recently developed disease activity scores for TAK are more useful for follow-up visits and require validation of cut-offs for active disease. A validated damage score for TAK is lacking. Computed tomography angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and ultrasound enable the evaluation of vascular anatomy and arterial wall characteristics of TAK. 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) visualizes arterial wall metabolic activity and complements the information provided by circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. ESR and CRP alone moderately reflect TAK disease activity. TAK is corticosteroid-responsive but relapses upon tapering corticosteroids. Conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are the first-line maintenance agents, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors, tocilizumab, or tofacitinib are second-line agents for TAK. Revascularization procedures for TAK should be used judiciously during periods of inactive disease.