Systematic review of various activation methods of sulfate radical precursor for the degradation of PFAS in aquatic environments.

PER: and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), widely used in industrial production, pose significant environmental and health risks due to their stability and persistence. Recent research has highlighted the potential of sulfate radicals for degrading PFAS through the activation of precursors like peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and persulfate (PS) in oxidation processes. The present study systematically reviews various activation methods and corresponding efficiencies in removing PFAS in thermal, ultrasonic, photochemical, catalytic, and electrochemical processes. The review also explores the impact of pH, temperature, precursor concentration, and co-contaminants, on PFAS degradation efficiency. Additionally, it investigates the degradation mechanisms, including defluorination and carbon-carbon bond cleavage, providing insights into the pathways of PFAS breakdown. Despite the promising results, challenges remain on the potential formation of toxic by-products and the energy demands of activation methods. Addressing these issues may involve developing more efficient catalysts, optimizing conditions, and combining treatment processes. This review offers valuable insights for researchers and practitioners, contributing to the advancement of PFAS remediation strategies and ultimately protecting human health and the environment from these persistent pollutants.