Robotic Cardiac Surgery: Overview of All Robotic Platforms in Clinical Use.

Robot-assisted surgery has emerged as a transformative advancement in modern operative care, enabling enhanced visualization, dexterity, and precision. Although adoption has been rapid across multiple surgical specialties, integration into cardiac surgery has evolved more gradually due to the technical complexity of procedures and the requirement for consistently excellent outcomes. Robotic mitral valve repair represents the most mature application of robotic cardiac surgery, demonstrating excellent perioperative outcomes and long-term durability. Emerging robotic platforms are expanding the competitive landscape, while innovations in telerobotics and teleproctoring are poised to improve access and scalability. Robotic cardiac surgery is transitioning toward broader integration. Continued technological innovation, cost reduction, and global dissemination of expertise will define the next phase of its evolution.