Pedicle flaps, gingival grafts, and connective tissue grafts in aesthetic treatment of gingival recession.

Gingival recession leading to exposure of crown margins or extensive areas of the tooth root can cause significant aesthetic difficulties. Surgical innovations over the last decade have enabled the periodontist to correct such problems with greater predictability and improved aesthetics. The current surgical procedures for treatment of gingival recession are described and illustrated, and criteria for selection of the appropriate procedure are presented. The learning objective of this article is a review of the surgical procedures and an increased predictability in implementation.