Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
Microwave-Assisted Optimization of Polyvinyl Alcohol Cryogel (PVA-C) Manufacturing for MRI Phantom Production.
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Vogt Ivan, Volk Martin, Kulzer Emma-Luise, Seibt Janis, Pech Maciej, Rose Georg, Grosser Oliver S
Аннотация
OBJECTIVES: Anthropomorphic phantoms offer a promising solution to minimize animal testing, enable medical training, and support the efficient development of medical devices. The adjustable mechanical, biochemical, and imaging properties of the polyvinyl alcohol cryogel (PVA-C) make it an appropriate phantom material for mimicking soft tissues. Conventional manufacturing (CM) of aqueous solutions requires constant stirring, using a heated water bath, and monitoring.
METHODS: To explore potential improvements in the dissolution of PVA crystals in water, a microwave-based manufacturing method (MWM) was employed. Samples created using CM and MWM (n = 14 each) were compared. Because PVA-C is a multifunctional phantom material (e.g., in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)), its MRI properties (T1/T2 relaxation times) and elasticity were determined.
RESULTS: T1 relaxation times did not significantly differ between the two methods (p = 0.3577), whereas T2 and elasticity for the MWM were significantly higher than those for the CM (p < 0.001). The MWM reduced the production time by 11% and decreased active user involvement by 93%.
CONCLUSIONS: The MWM offers a promising, easily implementable, and time-efficient method for manufacturing PVA-C-based phantoms. Nevertheless, manufacturing-related microstructural properties and sample molding require further study.
METHODS: To explore potential improvements in the dissolution of PVA crystals in water, a microwave-based manufacturing method (MWM) was employed. Samples created using CM and MWM (n = 14 each) were compared. Because PVA-C is a multifunctional phantom material (e.g., in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)), its MRI properties (T1/T2 relaxation times) and elasticity were determined.
RESULTS: T1 relaxation times did not significantly differ between the two methods (p = 0.3577), whereas T2 and elasticity for the MWM were significantly higher than those for the CM (p < 0.001). The MWM reduced the production time by 11% and decreased active user involvement by 93%.
CONCLUSIONS: The MWM offers a promising, easily implementable, and time-efficient method for manufacturing PVA-C-based phantoms. Nevertheless, manufacturing-related microstructural properties and sample molding require further study.