Differences in Muscle Inter-Phasic Coherence During Side Kick Techniques Among Male Sanda Athletes of Different Skill Levels Based on Sensor Analysis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objective

to clarify differences in the intermuscular coherence of core muscles during side kicks among male Sanda athletes at varying skill levels, particularly in critical frequency bands; to reveal the association between neuromuscular coordination mechanisms and technical proficiency; and to provide methodological references for quantitative analysis of combat sports techniques.

Methods

Thirty-six male Sanda athletes were divided into professional (n = 18) and amateur (n = 18) groups based on athletic ranking and training duration. Surface electromyographic (EMG) signals from 15 core muscles and kinematic data were synchronously recorded using a wireless EMG system and a high-speed camera. Signal processing extracted root mean square amplitude (RMS) and integral EMG (iEMG). Muscle coordination was quantified via time-frequency coherence analysis across alpha (8-15 Hz), beta (15-30 Hz), and gamma (30-50 Hz) bands.

Results

The professional group exhibited significantly higher RMS and iEMG values in most core muscles (e.g., rectus femoris RMS: 0.298 ± 0.072 vs. 0.214 ± 0.077 mV, p < 0.001). Regarding intermuscular coherence, the professional group demonstrated significantly superior coherence in the α, β, and γ bands for key muscle pairs, including upper limb-swing leg, support leg-swing leg, and upper limb-support leg. Notable differences were observed in pairs such as external oblique-rectus femoris (alpha band: 0.039 ± 0.012 vs. 0.032 ± 0.011, p < 0.01) and right rectus femoris-biceps femoris (beta band: 0.033 ± 0.010 vs. 0.023 ± 0.007, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

The fundamental difference in side kick technique among Sanda athletes lies in neuromuscular control strategies and muscle coordination efficiency. Sensor-based intermuscular coherence analysis provides an objective quantitative indicator for distinguishing technical proficiency, offering a scientific basis for optimizing training and extending the methodological framework for technique assessment in combat sports.