Endoscopic and endobronchial ultrasound-guided needle aspiration in the mediastinal staging of non-small cell lung cancer.

Invasive staging of mediastinal lymph nodes is recommended for the majority of patients with potentially resectable non-small cell lung cancer. In the past, 'blind' transbronchial needle aspiration during bronchoscopy and mediastinoscopy, a surgical procedure conducted under general anesthesia, were the only diagnostic methods. The latter is still considered the 'gold standard'; however, two novel, minimally-invasive techniques have emerged for the evaluation of the mediastinum: endoscopic (transesophageal) and endobronchial ultrasound--both performed using a dedicated echoendoscope, facilitating the ultrasound-guided, real-time aspiration of mediastinal lymph nodes. These methods are well-tolerated under local anesthesia and moderate sedation, with very low complication rates. Current guidelines on the invasive mediastinal staging of lung cancer still state that a negative needle aspiration result from these methods should be confirmed by mediastinoscopy. As more experience is gathered and echoendoscopes evolve, a thorough endosonographic evaluation of the mediastinum by both techniques, will obviate the need for surgical staging in the vast majority of patients and reduce the number of futile thoracotomies.