Titration and Treatment of Virtual Type 2 Diabetes Patients using an Adaptive Automated Insulin Delivery System.

We test a fully automated insulin delivery (AID) system designed for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Initially, the system uses an integral (I) controller to titrate the basal insulin rate, followed by the introduction of a proportional-derivative (PD) controller for managing post-prandial glucose levels. The system is adaptive and intended to be applicable to any patient without prior calibration. We employ an augmented integrated glucose insulin (IGI) model to simulate 278 virtual patients for a virtual trial of the proposed system. These trials demonstrate that the AID system safely and effectively titrates and manages insulin without need for meal announcements, highlighting its potential for providing safe and convenient insulin management in T2D.