Autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma: a comprehensive review about roles and regulatory mechanisms.

The role of autophagy in cholangiocarcinogenesis and its development is intricate. Autophagy has a dual role in cholangiocarcinoma, and understanding the function and mechanism of autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma is pivotal in guiding therapeutic approaches to its treatment in clinical settings. Recent studies have revealed that autophagy is involved in the complex biological behavior of cholangiocarcinoma. In this review, we have summarized the genes and drugs that would promote or inhibit autophagy, leading to change in cellular behaviors of cholangiocarcinoma, including apoptosis, proliferation, invasion and migration, and influence its cellular drug resistance. In addition, we concluded the signaling pathways modulating autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma cells, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR,p38MAPK,AMPK/mTOR,LKB1-AMPK, and AKT/WNK1, and ERK signaling pathways, which subsequently impacting apoptosis, death, migration, invasion, and proliferation. In conclusion, we would like that we can provide ideas for future cholangiocarcinoma treatment by comprehensively summarizing the latest studies on the relationship between autophagy and cholangiocarcinoma, including the factors affecting autophagy and related signaling pathways.