Assessment of PFAS levels in drinking water: A case study from Poznań County (Poland).

Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through drinking water has emerged as a significant public health concern due to their persistent, bioaccumulative nature and adverse health effects. Drinking water is the primary non-occupational source of PFAS exposure. Recently, investigative journalism has alerted about the presumptive contamination of drinking water at various European sites, including Poland. However, direct data on PFAS concentrations in raw and treated drinking water in Poland remain scarce. Therefore, this study analyzed the concentrations of 20 PFAS in 18 drinking water samples from Poznań County in Greater Poland, where the contamination of drinking water with PFAS was also presumed. In most samples (14/18; 77.7 %), PFAS concentrations were below the method detection limit (<0.001 μg/L). Positive samples revealed total PFAS levels in the 0.0014-0.0041 μg/L range, decisively below the safety threshold established by the European Drinking Water Directive (<0.1 μg/L). Daily consumption of 1.5 or 2.0 L of water containing PFAS by a 70-kg adult would constitute 4.8-9.3 % or 6.4-18.6 % of tolerable intake set by the European Food Safety Authority. These findings suggest that drinking water in the studied area is not a significant source of PFAS exposure. Further research is recommended to assess PFAS contamination in drinking water across a broader geographic scope in Poland to better understand the national contamination status.