Catheterization: a need for improved patient management.

The complications arising from catheterization of the urinary bladder have been extensively researched and reviewed. It is widely accepted that, because of inherent risks, catheterization is a last resort in the management of urinary incontinence. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that the incidence of long-term catheterization for this purpose is increasing, particularly for the management of highly dependent patients in the community. Although catheterization is a common procedure, a high level of nursing knowledge and skill is required to achieve effective and safe management. This article reviews the principles of catheter management and the nurse's responsibility to the catheterized patient.