Humanized liver mouse models in preclinical drug development: current status, translation challenges and emerging technologies.

Humanized liver mouse models are constructed by engrafting primary human hepatocytes into immunodeficient mouse livers, thereby reconstructing human-specific metabolic and transport pathways and significantly improving the prediction of pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and hepatotoxicity. These models have been widely applied to MASLD/MASH, fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and viral hepatitis research but remain constrained by the absence of intestinal CYP3A4 expression and functional immune compartments. Emerging approaches, including dual humanization, non-parenchymal cell supplementation, vascularized 3D bioprinting and application of patient-derived hepatocytes, combined with advanced in vitro and computational platforms, further strengthen translational fidelity, reduce R&D attrition and expand the scope for modeling complex metabolism-related diseases.