An abbreviated history of osseous surgery.

Various forms of periodontal therapy, including surgery, have been advocated and documented in the dental literature during the last three centuries. This variety of treatment modalities has been developed to address the anatomical consequences (pocket formation and bone loss) sustained from chronic periodontal disease. The marked differences in techniques have created significant controversies between the greatest leaders in dentistry and their equally influential disciples. Nevertheless, these leaders have always shared a common goal: the preservation of the natural dentition in a harmonious environment of health, comfort, and proper function. This article discusses the history of periodontal osseous surgery, including not only the technical issues, but also the conceptual underpinnings of this form of therapeutic intervention. In the process of examining this subject closely, three main controversies in the field of periodontics are brought into sharper focus: non-surgical versus surgical periodontal therapy; gingivectomy versus osseous resective periodontal therapy; and the nature of clinical decision-making: scientific and evidenced-based versus subjective clinical judgement.