Stripping Voltammetry in Trace Ga(III) Analysis Using Different Working Electrodes: A Review.

Heavy metal contamination of water has become a global environmental problem in recent years, which is caused by the rapid development of economies and industries. Gallium is of enduring interest because of its wide range of applications in technology and industry. In its pure form or as a component of alloys, gallium is used in devices such as high-current switches, pressure gauges, and thermometers. Gallium compounds also play an important role in electronics and optoelectronics, particularly in devices that operate in the infrared range. Gallium isotopes are also used in medical diagnostics. The increasing demand for gallium emphasizes the need for accurate methods for its determination in different matrices. One method used for this purpose is stripping voltammetry. The working electrodes, complexing agents, and the influence of interferences on the accuracy of the measurement are discussed in detail, highlighting their crucial role in obtaining the analytical signal of gallium in procedures based on stripping voltammetry. Voltammetric procedures for the simultaneous determination of gallium and other metal ions are also described. The application of the developed procedures to the analysis of real samples is emphasized as crucial for environmental monitoring and the accurate determination of trace concentrations of gallium. A summary of the results is presented in the form of a table which provides detailed information on the stripping voltammetry methods, including the types of working electrodes, characteristics of the substrate electrolytes used, complexing agents, linear ranges, and detection limits. The table also includes accumulation times, interferences investigated, and practical applications of the methods discussed, making it a valuable resource for researchers and analysts involved in environmental analysis. The review highlights the importance of this technique as an accurate and sensitive tool for the analysis of gallium in environmental samples.