Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2025
1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy metabolomics of giraffe milk during mid- to late-lactation.
СтатьяНазвание и аннотация: Перевод пока не подготовлен
Обработка статьи · этапы, ошибки и управление
Загрузка состояния…
Ошибки и ограничения
История · было → стало
Состояние обновляется каждые 5 секунд, пока блок открыт. Процент показывается только там, где известен объём работы. Пауза останавливает продолжение этапа; текущий запрос к источнику может завершиться.
Osthoff G, Mason S, Deacon F
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Dynamic changes in milk components during the end stages of lactation (involution) occur in all mammals. The time required to reach complete cessation may differ among taxa and species. The involution of cows, sheep, and goats (Bovidae) has been studied, but information on Giraffes is lacking.
OBJECTIVES: Characterize the milk metabolome of giraffes at involution.
METHODS: Milk was obtained from five giraffes. Notably, all giraffes followed the same diet, a factor known to influence milk composition in domesticated mammals. Milk serum was prepared by filtration of the milk samples. A 1H-NMR metabolomics approach was followed, and statistical analysis of the data was done using MetaboAnalyst 6.0.
RESULTS: The changes in metabolites were characterised at 9.4, 12, and 15.1 months of lactation. Protein-type amino acids increased, while organic acids and lipid metabolites, as well as carbohydrates and their derivatives, decreased. This indicated that the synthesis of amino acids and proteins was upregulated, while that of lipids and carbohydrates was downregulated. Energy-producing amino acids and citric acid cycle intermediates decreased, suggesting reduced availability of energy metabolites.
CONCLUSIONS: Involution, along with the associated changes in the giraffe's milk metabolome may commence at 12 months of lactation but is complete by 15 months.
OBJECTIVES: Characterize the milk metabolome of giraffes at involution.
METHODS: Milk was obtained from five giraffes. Notably, all giraffes followed the same diet, a factor known to influence milk composition in domesticated mammals. Milk serum was prepared by filtration of the milk samples. A 1H-NMR metabolomics approach was followed, and statistical analysis of the data was done using MetaboAnalyst 6.0.
RESULTS: The changes in metabolites were characterised at 9.4, 12, and 15.1 months of lactation. Protein-type amino acids increased, while organic acids and lipid metabolites, as well as carbohydrates and their derivatives, decreased. This indicated that the synthesis of amino acids and proteins was upregulated, while that of lipids and carbohydrates was downregulated. Energy-producing amino acids and citric acid cycle intermediates decreased, suggesting reduced availability of energy metabolites.
CONCLUSIONS: Involution, along with the associated changes in the giraffe's milk metabolome may commence at 12 months of lactation but is complete by 15 months.