Temperature-Governed Microstructure of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogels Prepared through Mixed-Solvent-Induced Phase Separation.

The formation of phase-separated structures in hydrogels plays a crucial role in determining their optical and mechanical properties. Traditionally, phase-separated hydrogels are prepared through a two-step process involving initial hydrogel synthesis followed by post-treatment. In this study, we present an approach for temperature-governed phase separation microstructure modulation in hydrogels, harnessing the cononsolvency effect. This method allows the phase-separated structure to develop during hydrogel synthesis, significantly simplifying the preparation process. Importantly, we found that the preparation temperature has a substantial effect on the internal structure of the phase-separated hydrogel. We systematically investigated how the temperature influences the phase structure, optical properties, and mechanical performance of these hydrogels. The resulting hydrogels demonstrate excellent moisturizing and antifreezing capabilities. Additionally, the incorporation of sodium chloride imparts remarkable electrical conductivity to the hydrogels, making them suitable for strain sensing applications across a wide temperature range.