Therapeutic potential of Phyllanthus spp. in sustainable aquaculture: a phytopharmacological perspective.

The increasing demand for sustainable and antibiotic-free aquaculture has intensified the search for natural alternatives supporting animal health, enhancing environmental quality, and improving production efficiency. To this end, medicinal plants such as Phyllanthus spp. provide potential values. Phyllanthus spp., widely known for their ethnopharmacological applications, possess a rich profile of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, lignans, and polyphenols, that exhibit multifunctional biological effects beneficial for aquaculture. Nevertheless, no comprehensive review has been conducted on the therapeutic potential of Phyllanthus spp. in sustainable aquaculture. Hence, this review focuses on Phyllanthus spp. applications in aquaculture, highlighting their roles in promoting growth performance, stimulating immune responses, providing protection against bacterial and viral infections, and offering antioxidant and hepatoprotective benefits. Moreover, we present emerging data on their contributions to water quality improvement and environmental remediation, including modulation of microbial communities and pollutant adsorption. Last but not least, the current challenges of phytochemical variability, regulatory constraints, and limited field-scale validation; as well as the suggested future research to address these gaps are also discussed. Ultimately, Phyllanthus spp. represent a compelling resource for next-generation aquafeeds and integrated aquaculture management.