Insights into the Functions, Characteristics, and Mechanisms of Disease-Related Proteins from Akkermansia muciniphila: A Review.

As a representative next-generation probiotic, Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) produces a variety of functional proteins that play critical roles in the prevention and treatment of multiple diseases, including metabolic disorders, inflammatory diseases, neurological disorders, and cancer. This review summarizes the disease-associated proteins of A. muciniphila reported to date, including the outer membrane proteins Amuc_1100 and Amuc_1098, as well as the secreted proteins P9 (Amuc_1631), P5, Amuc_1409, Amuc_1434, and Amuc_2109. These proteins exert their biological effects by activating multiple signaling pathways, such as Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), ICAM-2, and Wnt/β-catenin, thereby regulating physiological processes including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion, serotonin biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and intestinal stem cell proliferation. This review provides a theoretical foundation and future perspectives for in-depth research investigation and clinical application of A. muciniphila disease-related proteins.