Anatomy and microanatomy of the venous system of scrotal organs and spermatic cord.

Three structural and hemodynamic variants of venous angioarchitectonics of the epididymis were detected: direct testicular outflow (direct outflow into veins of the plexus pampiniformis), indirect testicular outflow (outflow into veins of the plexus pampiniformis with involvement of the communicant veins), and mixed outflow (combination of indirect testicular outflow with the outflow into vas deference veins). Anastomosis of caudal veins of the epididymis and the initial compartment of veins of the vas deference forming the "testicular venous arch" plays an important role in collateral venous blood-flow system; the arch anastomosing with the source of cremasteric vein forms a three-system anastomosis, the "testicular venous plexus" at the site of the epididymis tail transition into the vas deference.