Journal of ethnopharmacology · 2026
Unlocking the therapeutic potential of Curcuma phaeocaulis Valeton: An integrative review of its ethnopharmacology, processing with vinegar, and pharmacological mechanisms.
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Su Sijing, Yang Xing, Yang Mingyu, Zhang Qian, Xie Jihang, Chen Lian, Zhao Linlin, Wang Ting, Qilatu A, Xu Tong, Zhang Yi
Аннотация
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Curcuma phaeocaulis Valeton (Zingiberaceae) (henceforth referred to as C. phaeocaulis) is a medicinal plant. Its dried rhizome is one of three botanical sources officially recognised as Ezhu (Curcumae Rhizoma) in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the other two being C. kwangsiensis and C. wenyujin. The C. phaeocaulis rhizome (henceforth referred to as C. phaeocaulis rhizome) has a long history of use in traditional medicine for promoting qi circulation, dispelling blood stasis, removing food accumulation, and alleviating pain. The present review focuses on C. phaeocaulis due to the following reasons: it is the traditional Dao-di (geo-authentic) herb in Sichuan; it has the longest documented history of medicinal use among the three; and its vinegar processing has been mechanistically investigated in greater depth. The properties of this substance lend support to its clinical application for epigastric and abdominal pain, gynecological masses, and chest discomfort.
AIM OF THE REVIEW: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and processing of the C. phaeocaulis rhizome, with an emphasis on the scientific basis of vinegar processing and future research directions.
METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using major electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang) up to May 2026, with search terms including "C. phaeocaulis", "Ezhu", and "vinegar processing". Further information was obtained from established texts including the Zhonghua Bencao and the Dictionary of Chinese Ethnic Medicine.
RESULTS: The C. phaeocaulis rhizome is characterised by its warm properties, pungent flavour, and affinity for the Liver and Spleen meridians. The Sichuan province is renowned for its production of the material that is regarded as the Dao-di (geo-authentic) herb. In clinical practice, vinegar processing is commonly applied to enhance its therapeutic effects. Phytochemically speaking, the rhizome contains volatile oils, predominantly sesquiterpenoids, including curcumol, germacrone, and β-caryophyllene, while curcuminoids are present only in trace amounts. A plethora of pharmacological studies have demonstrated the following activities: antitumor, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hepatoprotective. Mechanistic investigations of vinegar processing have revealed that it reduces and transforms volatile oil components; additionally, the acidic environment may help stabilise curcuminoids, an effect that may partly explain the enhanced analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant activities of the processed herb.
DISCUSSION: Contemporary research on the C. phaeocaulis rhizome has evolved from documenting traditional applications to elucidating underlying mechanisms. Network pharmacology and bioinformatics have been increasingly applied to predict active targets and pathways. Nevertheless, the field still requires standardised methodologies and rigorous pharmacological validation. It is recommended that future studies concentrate on the identification of species-specific quality markers, the clarification of the in vivo metabolic fate of bioactive components, and the advancement of clinical translation, with particular emphasis on the treatment of chronic diseases and oncology.
AIM OF THE REVIEW: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and processing of the C. phaeocaulis rhizome, with an emphasis on the scientific basis of vinegar processing and future research directions.
METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using major electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang) up to May 2026, with search terms including "C. phaeocaulis", "Ezhu", and "vinegar processing". Further information was obtained from established texts including the Zhonghua Bencao and the Dictionary of Chinese Ethnic Medicine.
RESULTS: The C. phaeocaulis rhizome is characterised by its warm properties, pungent flavour, and affinity for the Liver and Spleen meridians. The Sichuan province is renowned for its production of the material that is regarded as the Dao-di (geo-authentic) herb. In clinical practice, vinegar processing is commonly applied to enhance its therapeutic effects. Phytochemically speaking, the rhizome contains volatile oils, predominantly sesquiterpenoids, including curcumol, germacrone, and β-caryophyllene, while curcuminoids are present only in trace amounts. A plethora of pharmacological studies have demonstrated the following activities: antitumor, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hepatoprotective. Mechanistic investigations of vinegar processing have revealed that it reduces and transforms volatile oil components; additionally, the acidic environment may help stabilise curcuminoids, an effect that may partly explain the enhanced analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant activities of the processed herb.
DISCUSSION: Contemporary research on the C. phaeocaulis rhizome has evolved from documenting traditional applications to elucidating underlying mechanisms. Network pharmacology and bioinformatics have been increasingly applied to predict active targets and pathways. Nevertheless, the field still requires standardised methodologies and rigorous pharmacological validation. It is recommended that future studies concentrate on the identification of species-specific quality markers, the clarification of the in vivo metabolic fate of bioactive components, and the advancement of clinical translation, with particular emphasis on the treatment of chronic diseases and oncology.