The effect of sea transport from Ireland to the Lebanon on inflammatory, adrenocortical, metabolic and behavioural responses of bulls.

The objective was to investigate the effect of sea transport on the physiological, behavioural and performance responses of bulls. One-hundred and eleven bulls (mean body weight (standard error of the mean) 429 (5.7 kg)) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments; control (C; n=54) bulls were housed in 6 pens at Teagasc, Grange Research Centre at a stocking density of (1), 1.7 m(2)/head (C1.7; 3 pens) and (2), 3.4 m(2)/head (C3.4; 3 pens) and (3), transported (T) bulls (n=57) were penned at a space allowance of 1.7 m(2)/head (6 pens) and allocated to one of five decks on the shipping vessel. C and T bulls were subjected to the same live weight (d -2), blood sampling and rectal temperature (d -1) measurements pre-transport and on d 3, d 6, d 9 and d 11 of the study. T bulls had greater (P<0.05) live weight gain (+4.4%) compared with C1.7 bulls (-2.0%) and C3.4 (+0.13%)). Time spent lying was greater (P<0.05) among C1.7 and C3.4 bulls (9.9% and 53.3%, respectively) compared with T bulls (45.8%). Rectal body temperature was not different (P>0.05) among treatment groups throughout the study. At d 11, neutrophil % was greater (P<0.05) in transported bulls on decks 1, 2, 4 and 5 compared with C1.7 and C3.4 treatments. Plasma cortisol concentrations were not different (P>0.05) between control and transported bulls. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity was lower (P<0.05) among C3.4 and T bulls on decks 2, 3, 4 and 5 compared with d 3 values. In conclusion, the welfare of bulls transported by sea on the sea journey was not adversely affected. Housing control bulls at a reduced space allowance (1.7 m(2)) had a negative effect on live weight gain.