Multifaceted role of RSPO2: Epigenetics, immunoregulatory, and therapeutic insights in colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer is characterized by epigenetic dysregulation that alters gene expression and drives tumorigenesis. It has been established that most cases of colorectal cancer are driven by the aberrant behavior of APC, TP53, KRAS, CTNNB1, and mismatch repair pathways, while RSPO2 has also contributed to some extent. The oncogenic function of RSPO2 is well documented; however, none of the studies have adopted an integrated perspective that links epigenetic dynamics, immune modulation, omics analysis, and therapeutics to clinical settings, particularly in colorectal cancer. Therefore, understanding these aspects of RSPO2 regulation in CRC may highlight its role as a new molecular target. In this review, we summarize epigenetic modifications and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of RSPO2. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the immune response, signaling cascades, and therapeutic strategies has been conducted. This integrative framework may influence the development of next-generation biomarkers and new therapeutic modalities for cancer, specifically colorectal cancer, in the future.