Changes in Periodontal Parameters and Microbiome Composition of Periodontal Pocket in Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Receiving Targeted Anti-Cytokine Therapy.

Periodontitis is associated with systemic chronic inflammatory diseases. There is limited evidence on the influence of anti-cytokine therapies on the periodontal condition and microbiome in the tooth pocket of such patients, so the aim of this study was to elucidate this issue. In this observational trial, the periodontal status and the gingival crevicular fluid of 13 patients with different chronic inflammatory diseases were obtained before the initiation of anti-cytokine treatment and 14 weeks after. Gingival crevicular fluid was collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing from a clinically healthy tooth and the deepest measured pocket. The Shannon Diversity Index significantly increased in the deepest pockets of patients (p = 0.039). The data showed alterations in the diversity of the subgingival microbiome over the course of the study, implying a shift towards a healthier condition after starting anti-cytokine therapy. Additional investigations are needed to analyze whether the administration of selective biologicals can improve periodontal conditions in patients with or without chronic inflammatory diseases.