Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding vitamin D among adults in Palestine: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND

Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in the Middle East, including Palestine, despite abundant sunlight. Limited data exist on knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding vitamin D among the general Palestinian population.

METHODS

A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among 402 Palestinian adults between March and April 2026 using an online survey distributed via social media. The questionnaire assessed sociodemographic characteristics and vitamin D-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Knowledge was measured using a 16-item scale (score range 0-16). Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, bivariate tests, and multivariable linear regression to identify independent predictors of knowledge.

RESULTS

The mean knowledge score was 8.15 ± 2.41 out of 16 (50.9%), and 68.4% of participants achieved at least half of the total score. Awareness of core concepts was high, but misconceptions persisted regarding nonspecific symptoms and overstated immune-related claims. Attitudes were generally favorable; however, although 76.9% of respondents recognized vitamin D deficiency as a societal health issue, only 49.0% perceived themselves to be personally at risk. Practices varied considerably: 38.1% reported daily sun exposure, and most participants exposed only limited body areas. In the final multivariable model, health-field affiliation, city residence, regular vitamin D supplementation, and non-smoking were independently associated with higher knowledge, whereas occasional supplementation was not.

CONCLUSION

Palestinian adults demonstrate moderate but incomplete knowledge of vitamin D, with persistent misconceptions and a clear gap between awareness and practice. Targeted public health interventions that correct misinformation, improve health literacy, and promote evidence-based behaviors-particularly among village/camp residents and non-health professionals-are needed to improve vitamin D-related outcomes.