Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Does Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Influence Ear Nose Throat Manifestations?

STUDY

DESIGN

Prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES

To examine the natural recovery from grade I and II ankle injuries over a 1-month period.

BACKGROUND

There is a high rate of injury recurrence and persistence of symptoms following ankle sprains, suggesting that these injuries may not be adequately managed. However, little is known about the recovery process after discharge from emergency departments.

METHODS AND MEASURES: Clinical assessment of ankle swelling, strength, and joint mobility and laboratory assessment of peak torque and joint range of motion (ROM) were performed 4 and 30 days following initial clinical assessment in the emergency department. Analyses for repeated measures determined change over time and differences between injured and noninjured ankles. Self-assessed ankle function was evaluated on day 4 and day 30, and its relationship to clinical and laboratory assessments determined.

RESULTS

Forty-six subjects entered the study and complete datasets were obtained from 28. Significant swelling, weakness, and mobility restrictions were evident on initial assessment. Symptoms improved over time and, while clinical variables were normal by day 30, laboratory assessment indicated weakness of plantar flexors and limited active and passive ROM at 1 month. Swelling and reduced passive ROM were associated with overall function and limitations in sports and recreation activities, as well as quality of life 1 month postinjury.

CONCLUSION

Clinically assessed strength and ankle dorsiflexion mobility suggested full recovery at 1 month post injury, yet more sensitive measures of ankle impairment and performance detected residual deficits. Persistent impairment and incomplete recovery of self-assessed function suggest the need for management beyond standard emergency department care. Associations between impairment measures and function may provide guidance for treatment intervention.