Structural alterations in brainstem, basal ganglia and thalamus associated with parkinsonism in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

The relative roles of brainstem, thalamus and striatum in parkinsonism in schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) patients are largely unknown. To determine whether topographical alterations of the brainstem, thalamus and striatum contribute to parkinsonism in SSD patients, we conducted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of SSD patients with (SSD-P, n = 35) and without (SSD-nonP, n = 64) parkinsonism, as defined by a Simpson and Angus Scale (SAS) total score of ≥ 4 and < 4, respectively, in comparison with healthy controls (n = 20). FreeSurfer v6.0 was used for segmentation of four brainstem regions (medulla oblongata, pons, superior cerebellar peduncle and midbrain), caudate nucleus, putamen and thalamus. Patients with parkinsonism had significantly smaller medulla oblongata (p = 0.01, false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected) and putamen (p = 0.02, FDR-corrected) volumes when compared to patients without parkinsonism. Across the entire patient sample (n = 99), significant negative correlations were identified between (a) medulla oblongata volumes and both SAS total (p = 0.034) and glabella-salivation (p = 0.007) scores, and (b) thalamic volumes and both SAS total (p = 0.033) and glabella-salivation (p = 0.007) scores. These results indicate that brainstem and thalamic structures as well as basal ganglia-based motor circuits play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of parkinsonism in SSD.