Full-length 16S rRNA nanopore sequencing enables species resolution of Fusobacterium associated with colorectal cancer.

Recent studies have revealed that the long-recognized link between the historically defined Fusobacterium nucleatum group and colorectal cancer is largely driven by Fusobacterium animalis. This species, along with two others (Fusobacterium polymorphum and Fusobacterium vincentii), was recently reclassified as distinct from F. nucleatum, highlighting functional divergence within this group. Due to their close genetic relatedness, traditional partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing lacks the resolution to reliably distinguish these species. Nevertheless, accurate species-level identification remains essential in cancer-associated microbiome research. Here, we demonstrate that full-length 16S rRNA sequencing using Oxford Nanopore Technology, combined with a novel custom demultiplexing software, enables robust species-level discrimination within the Fusobacterium genus. Our approach accurately classified clinically relevant Fusobacterium species and recovered their expected proportions from whole cells, DNA mixtures, and clinical CRC specimens. This method provides high-resolution profiling to elucidate species-specific roles of Fusobacterium in colorectal cancer.