Complications associated with the medical and surgical management of gastric dilatation-volvulus in the dog.

Morbidity and mortality encountered in the medical and surgical management of gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome are most commonly associated with hypovolemic shock, ventricular arrhythmias, and sepsis related to gastric wall necrosis. Complications requiring spontaneous decisions are frequently encountered preoperatively during emergency stabilization, intraoperatively during exploratory laparotomy and prophylactic gastropexy, and postoperatively during the recovery period.