[Еxosomes: possibilities and prospects in the diagnosis and treatment of digestive diseases].

Exosomes are extracellular membrane vesicles with a diameter of 30-150 nm secreted by various cell types into the extracellular environment and regulating many vital physiological processes, including signaling, immune activation, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Numerous studies conducted in recent years have demonstrated the key role of exosomes in the development of various gastrointestinal diseases, including cancer, allowing them to be considered as potentially promising diagnostic biomarkers. Furthermore, due to their inherent biocompatibility, ability to overcome biological barriers, low toxicity, and immunogenicity, exosomes can be used for targeted drug delivery in the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal diseases. This review article systematizes and presents information on exosomes, their functions, extraction and detection methods, and examines the main exosomal markers, which demonstrate significant potential for the diagnosis and treatment of various gastrointestinal diseases.