Color-Transfer-Enhanced Data Construction and Validation for Deep Learning-Based Upper Gastrointestinal Landmark Classification in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy.

While the adoption of wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) has been steadily increasing, its primary application remains limited to observing the small intestine, with relatively less application in the upper gastrointestinal tract. However, there is a growing anticipation that advancements in capsule endoscopy technology will lead to a significant increase in its application in upper gastrointestinal examinations. This study addresses the underexplored domain of landmark identification within the upper gastrointestinal tract using WCE, acknowledging the limited research and public datasets available in this emerging field. To contribute to the future development of WCE for gastroscopy, a novel approach is proposed. Utilizing color transfer techniques, a simulated WCE dataset tailored for the upper gastrointestinal tract is created. Using Euclidean distance measurements, the similarity between this color-transferred dataset and authentic WCE images is verified. Pioneering the exploration of anatomical landmark classification with WCE data, this study integrates similarity evaluation with image preprocessing and deep learning techniques, specifically employing the DenseNet169 model. As a result, utilizing the color-transferred dataset achieves an anatomical landmark classification accuracy exceeding 90% in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, the application of sharpen and detail filters demonstrates an increase in classification accuracy from 91.32% to 94.06%.