Recent Advancements in Lung Cancer Metastasis Prevention Based on Nanostrategies.

Metastasis is the leading cause of death in patients with lung cancer. Multidisciplinary comprehensive treatments (MDT), including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, gene-targeted therapy, immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), natural products, etc., have been currently used for lung cancer metastasis. The MDT model has shown promising efficacy against lung cancer metastasis in clinical practice. However, these therapies have some limitations, such as unusual toxic side effects, drug resistance, limited indications, and high costs. Therefore, emerging technological platforms are imperative to overcome these bottlenecks. Nanomedicine can be used to prepare efficient drug delivery systems owing to its good biocompatibility, high targeting, responsive release, and multidrug codelivery and plays an important role in the synergistic antimetastasis of lung cancer because of the optical, acoustic, electrical, thermal, and magnetic functions. This comprehensive review analyses the limitations of the MDT model, briefly outlines the advantages of nanotechnology, introduces the promising nanodrug delivery systems, summarizes the emerging nanostrategies against lung cancer metastasis based on the invasion-metastasis cascade process, and provides a summary of the prospects and challenges for the clinical translation of nanomedicines.