Fear in general populations: A cross-sectional study on perceived fear of common diseases, COVID-19, life events, and environmental threats in 30 countries.
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Li Jiaying, Pandian Vinciya, Fong Daniel Yee Tak, Lok Kris Yuet Wan, Wong Janet Yuen Ha, Man Ho Mandy, Choi Edmond Pui Hang, Davidson Patricia M, Duan Wenjie, Tarrant Marie, Lee Jung Jae, Lin Chia-Chin, Akingbade Oluwadamilare, Alabdulwahhab Khalid M, Ahmad Mohammad Shakil, Alboraie Mohamed, Alzahrani Meshari A, Bilimale Anil S, Boonpatcharanon Sawitree, Byiringiro Samuel, Hasan Muhammad Kamil Che, Schettini Luisa Clausi, Corzo Walter, De Leon Josephine M, De Leon Anjanette S, Deek Hiba, Efficace Fabio, El Nayal Mayssah A, El-Raey Fathiya, Ensaldo-Carrasco Eduardo, Escotorin Pilar, Fadodun Oluwadamilola Agnes, Fawole Israel Opeyemi, Goh Yong-Shian Shawn, Irawan Devi, Khan Naimah Ebrahim, Koirala Binu, Krishna Ashish, Kwok Cannas, Le Tung Thanh, Leal Daniela Giambruno, Lezana-Fernández Miguel Ángel, Manirambona Emery, Mantoani Leandro Cruz, Meneses-González Fernando, Mohamed Iman Elmahdi, Mukeshimana Madeleine, Nguyen Chinh Thi Minh, Nguyen Huong Thi Thanh, Nguyen Khanh Thi, Nguyen Son Truong, Nurumal Mohd Said, Nzabonimana Aimable, Omer Nagla Abdelrahim Mohamed Ahmed, Ogungbe Oluwabunmi, Poon Angela Chiu Yin, Reséndiz-Rodriguez Areli, Puang-Ngern Busayasachee, Sagun Ceryl G, Shaik Riyaz Ahmed, Shankar Nikhil Gauri, Sommer Kathrin, Toro Edgardo, Tran Hanh Thi Hong, Urgel Elvira L, Uwiringiyimana Emmanuel, Vanichbuncha Tita, Youssef Naglaa
Аннотация
METHODS: We surveyed adults from 30 countries across all World Health Organization (WHO) regions between July 2020 and August 2021. Participants rated their fear of 11 factors on an 11-point Likert scale. We stratified the data by age and gender and examined variations across countries and regions through multidimensional preference analysis.
RESULTS: Of the 16 512 adult participants, 62.7% (n = 10 351) were women. The most feared factor was the loss of family members, reported by 4232 participants (25.9%), followed by cancer (n = 2248, 13.7%) and stroke (n = 1416, 8.7%). The highest weighted fear scores were for loss of family members (mean (x̄) = 7.46, standard deviation (SD) = 3.04), cancer (x̄ = 7.00, SD = 3.09), and stroke (x̄ = 6.61, SD = 3.24). The least feared factors included animals/insects (x̄ = 3.72, SD = 2.96), loss of a mobile phone (x̄ = 4.27, SD = 2.98), and social isolation (x̄ = 4.83, SD = 3.13). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was the sixth most feared factor (x̄ = 6.23, SD = 2.92). Multidimensional preference analyses showed distinct fears of COVID-19 and job loss in Australia and Burundi. The other countries primarily feared loss of family members, cancer, stroke, and heart attacks; this ranking was consistent across WHO regions, economic levels, and COVID-19 severity levels.
CONCLUSIONS: Fear of family loss can improve public health messaging, highlighting the need for bereavement support and the prevention of early death-causing diseases. Addressing cancer fears is crucial to encouraging the use of preventive services. Fear of non-communicable diseases remains high during health emergencies. Top fears require more resources and countries with similar concerns should collaborate internationally for effective fear management.