Contrast-Enhanced Harmonic Endoscopic Ultrasonography for Prediction of Aggressiveness and Treatment Response in Patients with Pancreatic Lesions.

Endoscopic ultrasonography represents a crucial aspect of the diagnosis of pancreatic lesions. The echo-endoscopic features of pancreatic lesions, particularly their contrast behavior with the advent of Contrast-Enhanced EUS (CE-EUS) and Contrast Enhanced Harmonic-EUS (CH-EUS), can predict a lesion's aggressiveness, depending on its nature. According to this, CH-EUS could be applied to structure an even more dedicated approach to patient care, for example, to ascertain eligibility for surgical intervention of a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) or the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in cases deemed borderline resectable. In addition to PDAC, other significant issues pertain to the management of small neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs). In this context, CH-EUS can be crucial. The aim of this review is to underline the most recent evidence for EUS and CH-EUS applications in pancreatic lesion aggressiveness assessment and to focus on possible future research directions to further extend the application of CH-EUS in this field.