A Study on Olfactory Dysfunction in Turkish Population with using Survey Method and Validated Olfactory Testing.

Osteoporosis, which is defined as a disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk, is a major health issue worldwide. Among the various strategies to prevent and cure this devastating ailment, an important objective is the development of new efficacious and safe drugs. This situation prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to provide a comprehensive statement of guiding principles for the design, implementation and interpretation of both preclinical testing and clinical trials in osteoporosis. These guidelines, which are now available, underline the crucial importance of the preclinical evaluation, particularly for assessing the effect of an intervention on bone strength. This concept is heightened by the lack of a validated technique for noninvasively evaluating bone strength in humans and the multiple difficulties and heavy burden inherent in the evaluation of fracture rate in clinical trials. The WHO guidelines emphasize that a comprehensive and adequate preclinical program is expected to provide key information on the relationship between bone mass and strength and thus attenuate the burden of clinical studies. The present report provides a review of experimental evidence in support of the preclinical program as proposed in the WHO guidelines. This program is based on the recent development and refinement of animal models of osteoporosis that mimic the human condition according to the conceptual definition of the disease. Many preclinical studies carried out in appropriate animal models with agents that exert either antiresorbing or anabolic effects on bone indicate that they have been highly predictive of the drug action in humans in terms of both bone mass and remodeling, as well as of bone strength whenever fracture rate has been documented in clinical trials. Based on this evidence the WHO guidelines propose strategies according to which the results of preclinical evaluation will determine the end-points required in the different phases of the clinical development of the drug. Such a distribution of task assignment between preclinical and clinical programs should optimize the progress of research available to patients already suffering from or at risk of osteoporosis.