Systems biology and microbiome innovations for personalized diabetic retinopathy management.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a complex condition driven by inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic imbalances, calls for innovative treatment strategies. Engineered probiotics delivering angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) offer a promising strategy by leveraging gut microbiome-retina association. Advances in synthetic biology and computational techniques enable personalized, data-driven therapies. This review discusses computational approaches at multiple scales and presents an integrated framework for promoting personalized, systems-level DR management.