Nasal saline irrigation - A review of current anatomical, clinical and computational modelling approaches.

Nasal saline irrigation is frequently utilised in allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis management, and after nasal and sinus surgery. Anatomical modelling, clinical and computational studies guide treatment optimisation. This review offers a comprehensive summary of the modelling methodologies used in previous nasal irrigation studies by undertaking a systematic analysis of anatomical, clinical and computational investigations that assessed nasal saline irrigation using Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Review databases. Both procedural and assessment methods were reviewed. It was found that all twenty-four publications reviewed did not discuss the influence of the nasal cycle on internasal geometry and nasal resistance. Cadaver studies misrepresent in vivo nasal geometry. Irrigation pressure and shear forces, which could influence mucociliary transport and postoperative cleaning, were not evaluated. Previous studies focus on irrigation coverage and have not considered the nasal cycle which influences unilateral nasal resistance and thus pressure/ flow relationships and may also increase nasal air-locking. New computational fluid dynamic models could better inform nasal irrigation clinical practice.