Frontiers in public health · 2026
Biomechanical analysis of stair walking patterns and their implications for knee health in young males.
СтатьяНазвание и аннотация: Перевод пока не подготовлен
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Sun Yang, Mei Qingkang, Kou Danyang, Liu Jiujiang, Yang Yi, Duan Lian, Gao Yuan
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: Stair ambulation is an essential daily activity associated with maintaining mobility and musculoskeletal health, and its biomechanical characteristics may influence fall risk. This study aimed to examine how different stair-walking strategies-single-step and double-step ascent-affect peri-knee muscle forces and joint loading using OpenSim-based musculoskeletal simulations, thereby providing biomechanical insights for public health-oriented interventions in injury prevention and rehabilitation.
METHODS: Synchronized kinematic and kinetic data were imported into OpenSim musculoskeletal models to compute knee joint angles, joint reaction forces, and peri-knee muscle forces. The simulated muscle activation levels were then compared with synchronized surface electromyography (sEMG) signals to validate the reliability of the simulations.
RESULTS: Results indicated that the double-step stair ascent mode produced significantly greater step length (p = 0.001) and larger peak hip (p = 0.002) and knee (p = 0.015) flexion compared with the single-step mode. Continuous-time SPM analysis further revealed that knee flexion remained significantly higher in the double-step mode throughout most of the single support phase (p < 0.001), while no significant differences were observed in knee joint reaction forces (p > 0.05). Muscle force analysis showed that quadriceps muscle force, including the quadriceps components (vastus medialis/lateralis/intermedius and rectus femoris) was significantly greater in the double-step mode during the early stage of the single support phase (p < 0.001). For the hamstrings, only the biceps femoris long head demonstrated significant differences between modes (p < 0.001), whereas the biceps femoris short head, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and gastrocnemius showed no significant differences (p > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Double-Step Mode increased step length, hip mobility, and quadriceps activation without significantly elevating knee joint forces, supporting knee stability under higher mechanical demands. From a public health perspective, stair walking may enhance lower-limb muscle engagement and potentially contribute to the maintenance of balance control and mobility, while Single-Step Mode may be safer for individuals with knee impairments by minimizing joint stress and supporting rehabilitation.
METHODS: Synchronized kinematic and kinetic data were imported into OpenSim musculoskeletal models to compute knee joint angles, joint reaction forces, and peri-knee muscle forces. The simulated muscle activation levels were then compared with synchronized surface electromyography (sEMG) signals to validate the reliability of the simulations.
RESULTS: Results indicated that the double-step stair ascent mode produced significantly greater step length (p = 0.001) and larger peak hip (p = 0.002) and knee (p = 0.015) flexion compared with the single-step mode. Continuous-time SPM analysis further revealed that knee flexion remained significantly higher in the double-step mode throughout most of the single support phase (p < 0.001), while no significant differences were observed in knee joint reaction forces (p > 0.05). Muscle force analysis showed that quadriceps muscle force, including the quadriceps components (vastus medialis/lateralis/intermedius and rectus femoris) was significantly greater in the double-step mode during the early stage of the single support phase (p < 0.001). For the hamstrings, only the biceps femoris long head demonstrated significant differences between modes (p < 0.001), whereas the biceps femoris short head, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and gastrocnemius showed no significant differences (p > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Double-Step Mode increased step length, hip mobility, and quadriceps activation without significantly elevating knee joint forces, supporting knee stability under higher mechanical demands. From a public health perspective, stair walking may enhance lower-limb muscle engagement and potentially contribute to the maintenance of balance control and mobility, while Single-Step Mode may be safer for individuals with knee impairments by minimizing joint stress and supporting rehabilitation.